Civil Rights in the US Blacks and Segregation - 2330 Words

Introduction By far the most important piece of civil rights legislation ever passed in the history of the United States was the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which finally ended the system of dual public schools in the Southern states and abolished Jim Crow segregation is hospitals, transportation and public facilities. Only the 1965 Voting Rights Act was of equal importance, and no legislation since that time has had as much of an effect on politics, economics and society in America. It benefitted not only blacks but women, the handicapped, Hispanics, Native Americans and members of other minority groups, who have managed to hold onto most of their gains in spite of the conservative backlash of the last thirty years. Unlike the First Reconstruction of 1867-77, the Second was never completely repealed by the reactionary and racist forces in the U.S., although they have certainly tried. Although violence against civil rights workers by the Ku Klux Klan continued, especially in Alabama and Mississippi, this type of federal intervention soon undermined the institutions and organizations in the South that had kept blacks as second-class citizens since the end of the First Reconstruction in 1877. Therefore the civil rights revolution was very successful as far as it went, but by no means a complete revolution, especially in social and economic life. Martin Luther King recognized fully this at the time, and even Barack Obama is well aware that structural and institutional racism isShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s Essay550 Words   |  3 Pages In 1894, the US Supreme Court gave legal consent to state laws segregating black people and white people with its decision concerning the Plessey v Ferguson case. The decision stated that black and white should be separate but equal, meaning the same standard of facilities for both. In reality it legally enforced a state of affairs that assured that blacks would never be equal, and couldn’t get equal treatment, status or opportunity in their own country. DuringRead MoreCivil Rights Movement : Rosa Park s Protest1728 Words   |  7 PagesRosa Park’s protest proved to be the catalyst for the Civil rights Movement because her arrest issued ignited black community leaders to oppose the current laws. It had enormous effects on the issue of black racial inequality, which was prevalent in the country at the time. Rosa Parks’ singular act led to the Montgomery bus Boycott, which highlighted to the larger American community the everyday racism faced by African Americans. Inturn this led to a community push for the desegregation of the transportRead MoreHidden Figures By Margot Lee Shetterly Segregation / Civil Rights Movement1402 Words   |  6 Pagesexample: segregation. Segregation was the discrimination of colored people and being separated from the white community. It occurred from 1619-1954. During this time, all facilities were segregated and colored (Black, latina, Indian, etc.) people were given poorer treatment tha n white people, and everything was segregated, from buses to schools to water fountains/bathrooms. Segregation was portrayed in two books. The book Hidden Figures by Margot Lee Shetterly represents segregation/Civil Rights MovementRead MoreI Have A Dream Speech Delivered By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1016 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout our course of history, segregation and racial discrimination have torn country apart and denied our God-given rights. It’s got to the point where Black people could not stand it anymore, so they fought back for their rights. In 1963, with the event in Birmingham, and the famous â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., which captured the world’s attention and had become the turning point of the Civil Rights Movements. There are many thoughtful citizens who recognizeRead MoreRacism in the 1930s Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pageswas a time of change for the blacks of the United States of America. However, this change was not all for the better. The main change for blacks during this period was that many of them migrated to the North, which in turn, caused many other situations, which included the election of President Roosevelt. This was a positive, as was the improvement from the de jure segregation, when laws allow segregation, of the South to the less harsh segregation of the North. The blacks made advancements during thisRead MoreEssay on The Segregation of School in America1209 Words   |  5 PagesThe Segregation of School in America In history there are two major turning points in the fight for equal rights. The first was â€Å"Homer Plessey vs. The rail road company† of 1986. Homer Plessey was asked to sit in a black only carriage and refused; he was kicked off the train. He decided to take his case to the supreme court and they ruled in favour of segregation, saying â€Å"separate but equal†. Segregation had been occurring for many years already in the form of â€Å"The JimRead MoreThe Pain and the Promise: a Story of the Tallahassee Bus Boycott949 Words   |  4 PagesBrittani Flemons His 329 Section 2 April 14, 2010 The Pain and the Promise: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Tallahassee, FL The Pain and the Promise by Glenda Alice Rabby gives an account of the long, hard struggles blacks had to endure to achieve equality among whites in Tallahassee and throughout Florida. A lot of people had the misconception that Florida wasn’t like its neighboring Southern states. Rabby proves throughout the book that those were just mere misconceptions andRead MoreThe Civil Disobedience Of African Americans1369 Words   |  6 Pagesobey orders until a revolution appeared. It took a civil war to finally free blacks and to give them the right to be citizens of the country. It was then that the chains of slavery were finally broken, but the chain of discrimination still existed. Under racial segregation, colored people were not allowed to share public facilities and activities with white people. The Civil Rights Movement was then established with its goal to clear any segregation and discrimination against African Americans. InRead MoreAnalysis Of The Documentary Eyes O n The American Civil Rights Movement 783 Words   |  4 PagesPBS documentary film series that eye lights the American Civil Rights Movement. The documentary series also depicts the struggle to end racial discrimination and segregation and how small acts of courage began the Civil Rights Movement. I was able to watch three one-hour series, Awakening (1954-1956), Fighting Back (1957 – 1962) and Ain’t Scared of your Jails (1960 – 1961). These series are poignant and takes us through the days of segregation and inequality and the grassroots protests to Supreme CourtRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement During The 1960 S1224 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout US history there has been a lot of political, social and economical changes, and all these changes have had positive and negative effects on the people of the US.   During the 1960’s there were a lot of changes and one of these major changes was know as The Civil Rights Movement.   The civil rights mov ement was a movement created by African Americans to achieve rights equal to white people and have equal opportunity in housing, employment, education, the right to vote, and to not be segregated

Is Dna Ancestry Testing Accurate - 1645 Words

Is DNA ancestry testing accurate? DNA ancestry testing cannot accurately pinpoint where a person s ancestors originated: If not for genetic flow, distinguishing the DNA of a person s ancestors from others might have been relatively easy (Gamber). The inhabitants of a particular geographic region would have contained a smaller range of genetic variation (What Is Genetic) and over time, developed specific genetic mutations that could be used to identify them as a distinct population. However, most human populations have migrated numerous times throughout history and mixed their genetics with many other groups (Gamber). This creates difficulty in identifying where exactly a person s ancestors came from. DNA tests cannot account for†¦show more content†¦However, the same SNPs may be found among several populations and is limited by the diversity of the SNP database, thus potentially producing false positives (Admixture Analyses). DNA testing cannot accurately tell which ethnicity or social group a person s ancestors belonged to: Likewise, DNA testing cannot accurately identify which social group someone s ancestors belonged to, for much of the same reasons. The high frequency of human migration has also meant that there are no noticeable genetic differences between many groups, even ones with strong cultural boundaries. Similarly, most distinctions in isolated populations are not significant enough to be identifiable (Siddique). This, combined with the fact that over time, social groups have changed in name and composition (Than), makes connections to historical groups, such as Viking or Zulu, vague. Despite this, David Nicholson, director of the DNA Worldwide group says that [ with advanced testing you can be provided a general ancestry indication] (Siddique). This is achieved through using SNP markers to attempt to differentiate between what is seen as four biologically distinct populations, Africans, Europeans, Asians, and Native Americans. However, these tests have been shown to be flawed with some Eas t Africans not being classified as Africans because they have different variations in their genes. This means that a large percent of the African populationShow MoreRelatedIntroduction. Forensic Dna Phenotyping Is A New And Emerging1577 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Forensic DNA Phenotyping is a new and emerging field of forensic science. As it is so new, there is very little in terms of literature on this field, very little testing done on this type of identification, and few cases that have used DNA Phenotyping to assist in the investigation. The first documented case of DNA Phenotyping being used is in the early 2000s, so it has had under 20 years of research and experimentation with it. There are many weaknesses to the version of DNA Phenotyping thatRead MoreGenetic testing is a class of medical testing that recognize changes in chromosomes, gene or1300 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic testing is a class of medical testing that recognize changes in chromosomes, gene or proteins. This type of test look for abnormalities in DNA or RNA that is collected from a person’s blood, body fluids or tissues. Genetic testing scans the genes looking for large or small change that occur to gene. These changes to the genes could have missing or additio n parts that could change the chemical base within the DNA strand. Abnormal genes could be the result of other mistakes like the genesRead MoreGenetic Testing : Types Of Medical And Forensic Tests1715 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic Testing WHAT IS GENETIC TESTING? Genetic Testing is the process of using medical and forensic tests to identify and analyse a human, animal or plant DNA sequence. It can reveal changes or mutations in your genes that may result in illness and disease. TYPES OF TESTING Presymptomatic and predictive testing If you have a family history of a condition, undergoing genetic testing before you have symptoms may reveal if you re at risk for developing that condition Carrier testing If you haveRead MoreForensic Evidence And Criminal Investigation1350 Words   |  6 Pageswrongful convictions are more often based on inaccurate eyewitness identifications that on other types of evidence (Vandenberg, 2014). Researchers also estimated that between 50% and 90% of wrongfully convicted individuals who were later exonerated by DNA evidence were initially found guilty and sentenced on the basis of eyewitness testimony (Vandenberg, 2014). If eyewitness testimony can be unreliable, why then keep using it for convictions? Steps can be taken to increase the accuracy of eyewitnessRead MoreDna And Ethics Of Recombinant Dna1601 Words   |  7 Pages Recombinant DNA and Ethics Brooke Boland BIO/410 - Genetics October 23, 2017 Miranda Gauthier Recombinant DNA and Ethics Recombinant DNA technology has become a powerful influence to many fields including medicine, pharmaceuticals and agriculture. Genetic modifications of plants, animals and other organisms have allowed scientists to improve the quality of human life. As genetic engineering continues to rapidly grow, many ethical, social and legal issues arise evaluating the risksRead MoreDna Fingerprinting Is Not All The Title1533 Words   |  7 Pagescase of blame; DNA is the true suspect. A new and rapidly advancing technology of DNA fingerprinting is not all the title entitles it to be. Many individuals would assume that DNA fingerprinting is the situation in which criminals or convicted individuals have their fingerprints recorded to keep them on file. However, this is not the case. DNA fingerprinting is when DNA evidence is taken from a person and matched to the DNA found on the crime scene or other suspected location. DNA fingerprintingRead MoreEssay On Human Genome Sequencing1585 Words   |  7 Pages1. Current challenges in human genome sequencing Technologies in sequencing are highly accurate but have limitations in read-depth and read length. Read-depth refers to sequencing the highly repetitive regions of DNA with few to no errors. Illumina HiSeq and PacBio have allowed geneticists to fill in the gaps of the human genome saving time and money. In the scope of the read depth issue, researchers are still having issues with undetectable structural variants (SV) including copy number variantsRead MoreA Research On Forensic Science1203 Words   |  5 Pagesinnovations benefit forensic science as well. The biggest contribution being DNA analysis, providing additional and conclusive information on biological evidence sources, but with the use of DNA analysis comes social and ethical issues in society because of the amount of information obtained in a sample. In the 1980’s biotechnology gave foundation to the most prevalent and relied upon science in criminal investigation, DNA analysis. Through the development of genetic engineering, unique areas of theRead More Sickel Cell Anemia Essay examples1257 Words   |  6 PagesProblems from having a single sickle cell gene develop only under very unusual conditions. People who inherit two genes for sickle hemoglobin (one from each parent) have sickle cell disease. It is believed that individuals with African and Mediterranean ancestry have unusually high frequency of sickle cell trait due to the reduced mortality from malaria infections when compared with individuals who do not carry the hemoglobin variant Red blood cells carrying the abnormal gene (hemoglobin S) travel normallyRead MoreAdvancements Of Modern Technology : Ct And Mri2294 Words   |  10 Pagesmany things. They can determine the range of movement the creature had, how it walked, how it ran, even the speed at which the animal could have moved. The data collected during testing the animal’s speed based off of bone and muscle design combined with measurements of known fossilized track can be used to get a very accurate measurement of the animal’s speed. Another interesting feature with the scanning methods and digital recording is that the airways and resonance chambers inside the skulls of

International Management Trade and Investment

Question: Discuss about the International Management for Trade and Investment. Answer: Introduction: The trade agreement between Mexico, Canada and United States is known as NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). It is considered as one of the worst trade deal of United States. This deal has advantages to the American companies who have many lower wageworkers in many foreign countries. On the other hand, the American workers who have lost their employment and are earning lower salary usually decry the agreement. These labour unions are protested against the agreement, as they are not getting any benefits from this trade agreement. It is the reason that business trend is now changing day by day (Lahrech Sylwester, 2013). Apart from that, Trump and Clinton are also not supporting the North American Free Trade Agreement. The cause of the rejection is that it does not meet their business demands and expectation. Various studies have portrayed that the trade deficit between these two countries has ballooned approximately tenfold from $17bn to $175bn between the years 1993 to 2013. 851,700 Americans jobs had been displaced as the enterprises were shifting their manufacturing facilities outside the country in pursuit of the cheap workers (Macleod, 2015). On the other hand, Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership is a deal between the European Union and United States. Both the continents are developed in terms of economy and trading purpose. Most of the American companies have their branches of operations in the European continent whereas the vice versa is also true. Free trade agreement between these two countries is always a positive sum game that reduces unemployment with an effect of a package that is free of cost. The agreement boost up the economic growth of the countries and also the GDP by 0.5% per annum (Akhtar Jones, 2013). It is responsible for production of $200bn additional amount of economic activity in a year. For instance, both the sectors of industry such as automobile industry and pharmaceutical industry are found to get immense benefits if they clear the regulatory requirements from both the sides. It is seen that the import taxes and tariffs of both the countries. Overall the Transatlantic Trade and Investm ent Partnership (TTIP) is a boon to the countries, as both of the countries have faced and struggled with lower economic growth, unemployment and many government deficits. Hence, this free trade deal will fulfil the deficits from both the sides. It is the reason of not creating any opposition to the TTIP by the labour unions of United States (Jarman, 2014). References Akhtar, S. I., Jones, V. C. (2013). Proposed transatlantic trade and investment partnership (TTIP): In brief.Current Politics and Economics of Europe,24(1), 107-122. Jarman, H. (2014). Public health and the Transatlantic trade and investment partnership.The European Journal of Public Health,24(2), 181-181. Lahrech, A., Sylwester, K. (2013). The impact of NAFTA on North American stock market linkages.The North American Journal of Economics and Finance,25, 94-108. Macleod, D. (2015). Review of" The Selling of Free Trade: NAFTA, Washington, and the Subversion of American Democracy," by John MacArthur.Journal of World-Systems Research,10(2), 558-560.

Interview Essays - Signal Transduction, Wong, G Protein,

Interview The Interview For my interview, I interviewed Jennifer Wong, a scientist in the development of analytic chemistry. In her occupation she purifies and analyzes proteins, as well as characterizes the proteins. She works for Panox located at 10301 Stellink Houston, TX 77025. For this company Dr. Wong analyzes proteins in order for her company to market drugs that will later help patients with certain diseases. Right now her company has not yet marketed any products yet, but they are still in the process. To arrange for the interview, I first asked my cousin, Tracy Bui, who is in the biochemistry field, but she referred me to her co-worker who had been working for that company longer. I could not visit her laboratory because I was not an authorized employee. So in order to accomplish my interview I had to resort to a telephone interview. The following are the questions and answers in the interview with Dr. Jennifer Wong. Q: What is your educational background or training? A: Dr. Wong has a bachelor in chemistry, a masters in chemical engineering, and a Ph.D. in biochemistry and also including analytic chemistry. Q: How much education do you believe a person should have in order to excel in this profession? A: ?You need to graduate from high school and college at least,? said Dr. Wong. Although Dr. Wong went to obtain her Ph.D., she does not believe that a person has to go that far in order to obtain a job in her field. Dr. Wong went that far because she thinks that higher education will help a person become more experienced in this field. Q: What preparations did you take to obtain this job? A: Dr. Wong first worked for a different company and then she went through a professional placement agency that gave her an interview with the company. She found the professional placement agency on the Internet and sought more information about it. At that time the company was looking for experienced scientists. After they looked at her experience and her resume they hired her. Before Dr. Wong applied for this job, she had ten years of experience. Q: Why did you choose this field of work? A: because as a high school student, I enjoyed chemistry,? said Dr. Jennifer Wong. As she began to explore analytic chemistry while getting her Ph.D. she was interested because in this field she was able to do something she loved and help other people at the same time. Dr. Wong liked chemistry and decided to go into biochemistry. When she came to the states she wanted to continue her education and eventually she was led to choose a career in analytic chemistry. Q: What type of research do you do? A: Dr. Wong analyzes proteins in order for her company to market a product. She characterizes proteins in order for her to see if the human body will take in a certain drug. She examines the proteins for impurities. Usually the drug they want has to be an injection or oral drug. On average it takes about ten or more years before a product will be on the market. At the current time her company has not yet been able to market any products yet because the process is a long time. The product must pass the FDA regulations and must have clinical tests as well. Q: What kinds of instruments/technology do you use in your work? A: In the protein lab there are many different types of tools used to drill proteins and analyze them as well. The electrophoresis is a separation technique that is based on the mobility of ions in an electric field. She uses this in order to separate DNA or proteins. The HPLC, a high performance liquid chromatography, is another tool used to separate compounds or the proteins that are dissolved in solution. Many different types of solvents are used when she uses this instrument such as citric acid. An IES is a type of drill used to analyze proteins. Q: How do you spend your time at work? A: In a typical day she does experiments by testing proteins that her boss wants her to analyze. She does lab work for about six hours. Then she either does paper work that is

Understanding the Phenomenon of McDonaldization

Understanding the Phenomenon of McDonaldization McDonaldization is a concept developed by American sociologist George Ritzer which refers to the particular kind of rationalization of production, work, and consumption that rose to prominence in the late twentieth century. The basic idea is that these elements have been adapted based on the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant- efficiency, calculability, predictability and standardization, and control- and that this adaptation has ripple effects throughout all aspects of society. The McDonaldization of Society George Ritzer introduced the concept of McDonaldization with his 1993 book,  The McDonaldization of Society.  Since that time the concept has become central within the field of sociology and especially within the sociology of globalization. The sixth edition of the book, published in 2011, has been cited nearly 7,000 times. According to Ritzer, the McDonaldization of society is a phenomenon that occurs when society, its institutions, and its organizations are adapted to have the same characteristics that are found in fast-food chains. These include efficiency, calculability, predictability and standardization, and control. Ritzers theory of McDonaldization is an update on classical sociologist Max Webers theory of how scientific rationality produced bureaucracy, which became the central organizing force of modern societies through much of the twentieth century. According to Weber, the modern bureaucracy was defined by hierarchical roles, compartmentalized knowledge and roles, a perceived merit-based system of employment and advancement, and the legal-rationality authority of the rule of law. These characteristics could be observed (and still can be) throughout many aspects of societies around the world. According to Ritzer, changes within science, economy, and culture have shifted societies away from Webers bureaucracy to a new social structure and order that he calls McDonaldization. As he explains in his book of the same name, this new economic and social order is defined by four key aspects. Efficiency  entails a managerial focus on minimizing the time required to complete individual tasks as well as that required to complete the whole operation or process of production and distribution.Calculability  is a focus on quantifiable objectives (counting things) rather than subjective ones (evaluation of quality).Predictability and standardization  are found in repetitive and routinized production or service delivery processes and in the consistent output of products or experiences that are identical or close to it (predictability of the consumer experience).Finally, control within McDonaldization is wielded by the management to ensure that workers appear and act the same on a moment-to-moment and daily basis. It also refers to the use of robots and technology to reduce or replace human employees wherever possible. Ritzer asserts that these characteristics are not only observable in production, work, and in the consumer experience, but that their defining presence in these areas extends as ripple effects through all aspects of social life. McDonaldization affects our values, preferences, goals, and worldviews, our identities, and our social relationships. Further, sociologists recognize that McDonaldization is a global phenomenon, driven by Western corporations, the economic power and cultural dominance of the West, and as such it leads to a global homogenization of economic and social life. The Downside of McDonaldization After laying out how McDonaldization works in the book, Ritzer explains that this narrow focus on rationality actually produces irrationality. He observed, Most specifically, irrationality means that rational systems are unreasonable systems. By that, I mean that they deny the basic humanity, the human reason, of the people who work within or are served by them. Many have no doubt encountered what Ritzer describes here  when the human capacity for reason seems to be not at all present in transactions or experiences that are marred by rigid adherence to the rules and policies of an organization. Those that work under these conditions often experience them as dehumanizing as well. This is because McDonaldization does not require a skilled workforce. Focusing on the four key characteristics that produce McDonaldization has eliminated the need for skilled workers. Workers in these conditions engage in repetitive, routinized, highly focused and compartmentalized tasks that are quickly and cheaply taught, and thus easy to replace. This kind of work devalues labor and takes away workers bargaining power. Sociologists observe that this kind of work has reduced workers rights and wages in the US and around the world, which is exactly why workers at places like McDonalds and Walmart are leading the fight for a living wage in the U.S.  Meanwhile in China, workers who produced iPhones and iPads face similar conditions and struggles. The characteristics of McDonaldization have crept into the consumer experience too, with free consumer labor folded into the production process. Ever bus your own table at a restaurant or cafà ©? Dutifully follow the instructions to assemble Ikea furniture? Pick your own apples, pumpkins, or blueberries? Check yourself out at the grocery store? Then you have been socialized to complete the production or distribution process for free, thus aiding a company in achieving efficiency and control. Sociologists observe the characteristics of McDonaldization in other areas of life, like education and media too, with a clear shift from quality to quantifiable measures over time, standardization and efficiency playing significant roles in both, and control too. Look around, and you will be surprised to find that you will notice the impacts of McDonaldization throughout your life.

Brass Alloys and Their Chemical Compositions

Brass Alloys and Their Chemical Compositions Brass is any alloy consisting primarily of copper, usually with zinc. In some cases, copper with tin is considered ​a type of brass, although this metal historically has been called bronze. This is a list of common brass alloys, their chemical compositions, and the uses of the different types of brass. Brass Alloys Alloy Composition and Use Admiralty brass 30% zinc and 1% tin, used to inhibit dezincification Aichs alloy 60.66% copper, 36.58% zinc, 1.02% tin, and 1.74% iron. Corrosion resistance, hardness, and toughness make it useful for marine applications. Alpha brass Less than 35% zinc, malleable, can be worked cold, used in pressing, forging, or similar applications. Alpha brasses have only one phase, with face-centered cubic crystal structure. Princes metal or Prince Ruperts metal Alpha brass containing 75% copper and 25% zinc. Its named for Prince Rupert of the Rhine and used to imitate gold. Alpha-beta brass, Muntz metal, or duplex brass 35-45% zinc, suited for hot working. It contains both and phase; the -phase is body-centered cubic and is harder and stronger than . Alpha-beta brasses are usually worked hot. Aluminum brass Contains aluminum, which improves its corrosion resistance. Its used for seawater service and in Euro coins (Nordic gold). Arsenical brass Contains arsenic and frequently aluminum and is used for boiler fireboxes Beta brass 45-50% zinc content. It can only be worked hot, produces a hard, strong metal that is suitable for casting. Cartridge brass 30% zinc brass with good cold-working properties; used for ammunition cases Common brass, or rivet brass 37% zinc brass, standard for cold working DZR brass dezincification resistant brass with a small percentage of arsenic Gilding metal 95% copper and 5% zinc, softest type of common brass, used for ammunition jackets High brass 65% copper and 35% zinc, has a high tensile strength and is used for springs, rivets, and screws Leaded brass Alpha-beta brass with an addition of lead, easily machined Lead-free brass As defined by California Assembly Bill AB 1953 contains not more than 0.25 percent lead content Low brass Copper-zinc alloy containing 20% zinc; ductile brass used for flexible metal hoses and bellows Manganese brass 70% copper, 29% zinc, and 1.3% manganese, used in making golden dollar coins in the United States Muntz metal 60% copper, 40% zinc, and a trace of iron, used as a lining on boats Naval brass 40% zinc and 1% tin, similar to admiralty brass Nickel brass 70% copper, 24.5% zinc, and 5.5% nickel used to make pound coins in the pound sterling currency Nordic gold 89% copper, 5% aluminium, 5% zinc, and 1% tin, used in 10, 20, and 50 cents in euro coins Red brass American term for the copper-zinc-tin alloy known as gunmetal considered both a brass and a bronze. Red brass usually contains 85% copper, 5% tin, 5% lead, and 5% zinc. Red brass may be copper alloy C23000, which is 14 to 16% zinc, 0.05% iron and lead, and the remainder copper. Red brass also may refer to ounce metal, another copper-zinc-tin alloy. Rich low brass (Tombac) 15% zinc, often used for jewelry Tonval brass (also called CW617N, CZ122, or OT58) copper-lead-zinc alloy White brass Brittle metal containing more than 50% zinc. White brass may also refer to certain nickel silver alloys as well as Cu-Zn-Sn alloys with high proportions (typically 40%+) of tin and/or zinc, as well as predominantly zinc casting alloys with a copper additive. Yellow brass American term for 33% zinc brass

Definitional argument-euthanasia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Definitional argument-euthanasia - Term Paper Example As a result, their meanings become changed, and they are used more frequently in these new contexts. One example of such a concept is that of euthanasia, which has been used negatively for decades in association with Hitler’s Germany. The negative connotations of euthanasia follow the term unjustly, even today as the practice the word refers to becomes more accepted in throughout the world. By looking at some definitions of euthanasia given by others, we can perhaps formulate what is perhaps the most inclusive understanding at the concept. Definitions of euthanasia often depend upon the political and ethical assumptions underlying them. One can choose a staunchly conservative ethical view that emerges out of a Christian ethical system and oppose euthanasia categorically as wrong. Or one can adopt a more liberal stance and view euthanasia as a matter of choice among individuals whether to live or die, which seems to emerge from a utilitarian ethical perspective. Former Surgeon General of the United States C. Everett Koop represents the conservative Christian side of the spectrum in a definition of euthanasia that characterizes it as the ending of a life which is perceived to be devoid of value (Koop). The liberal, or utilitarian, perspective might direct us to a lighter view of the practice, one intimately connected with utility. That definition might be read like: the ending of a life in order to maximize a sufferer’s happiness and minimize suffering (LeBaron). On this view, we engage in euthanasia as a means o f alleviating suffering and as a service to the sufferer’s individual right to choose how one lives or dies. Less politically- or ethically-centric views of euthanasia direct us toward more neutral definitions of the practice. Philosopher Philippa Foot, for instance, wants us to move away from standard dictionary denotations of the word (â€Å"a quiet and easy death†) that she finds

Ethics in Cyberspace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics in Cyberspace - Essay Example Following the explosion of internet popularity, there is the transfer of power struggles all over the world to the internet. All internet users ranging from businesses, private users, search engines, as well as any probable information source are making an attempt of controlling, manipulating, biasing, while, at the same time, censoring their information found on the internet in case they recognize it or not. As a result, the public gets to view a number of issues or events, which might be altered or not altered at all, thereby easily bending views in frightening manners. There are several computers based ethical dilemma; one set of matter deals with the emergence of various new ethical dilemma, or those taking new form, as a result of increase in Internet and Social Networking. Presently, there are various ways of gaining information concerning others, which were inaccessible, or available with ease, prior to the rise of computers. Therefore, ethical issues concerning storage of pri vate information are presently turning into an ever rising problem; this gives rise to the problem of selling this information for monetary benefit. This leads to distinctive ethical situations with regard to access, security, as well as the utilization of hacking within positive, as well as negative situations. Circumstances relating to the copyright breach of software, movies and music tend to be a hot topic with the increase in file sharing programs like Napster. The ethical questions arising from software piracy are whether it is immoral to copy software movies or even music. ... This happens to be a clear definition of the concept of an Opt-In against Opt-Out situation (Tavani 2010, p.25). Following the explosion of internet popularity, there is the transfer of power struggles all over the world to the internet. All internet users ranging from businesses, private users, search engines, as well as any probable information source are making an attempt of controlling, manipulating, biasing, while, at the same time, censoring their information found on the internet in case they recognize it or not. As a result, the public gets to view a number of issues or events, which might be altered or not altered at all, thereby easily bending views in frightening manners. There are several computers based ethical dilemma; one set of matter deals with the emergence of various new ethical dilemma, or those taking new form, as a result of increase in Internet and Social Networking. Presently, there are various ways of gaining information concerning others, which were inaccess ible, or available with ease, prior to the rise of computers. Therefore, ethical issues concerning storage of private information are presently turning into an ever rising problem; this gives rise to the problem of selling this information for monetary benefit. This leads to distinctive ethical situations with regard to access, security, as well as the utilization of hacking within positive, as well as negative situations. Circumstances relating to the copyright breach of software, movies and music tend to be a hot topic with the increase in file sharing programs like Napster. The ethical questions arising from software piracy are whether it is immoral to copy software movies or even music. Apart from that, questions

The Donation of Constantine Essay Example for Free

The Donation of Constantine Essay The Donation of Constantine has been considered a forgery, especially since 1440 A. D. by Lorenzo Valla in his Declamatio: â€Å"So all these are yours, supreme pontiff? And it is your purpose to recover them all? To despoil all kings and princes of the West of their cities or compel them to pay you a yearly tribute, is that your plan? † (Valla, 27) â€Å"The Donation† is a very controversial document that became an instrument used by the Papacy to ‘officially justify’ its political power and control. This fraudulent document has been thought to have been written 5 centuries later, between 750 and 800 A. D. The basis of the document itself was the transfer of power from Constantine to Pope Sylvester when Constantine converted to Christianity by baptism in 324 A. D. : â€Å"So the pontiffs, who are the representatives of that same chief of the apostles, should obtain from us and our empire the power of a supremacy greater than the earthly clemency of our imperial serenity is seen to have had conceded to it, (†¦)And we ordain and decree that he shall have the supremacy as well over the four chief seats Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople and Jerusalem, as also over all the churches of God in the -whole world. And he who for the time being shall be pontiff of that holy Roman church shall be more exalted than, and chief over, all the priests of the whole world† (Donatio Constantini) The reality, however, was that Constantine had been baptized later in 337 A. D. , by the Bishop of Rome. The donation in question consisted in surrendering the imperial insignia, the Lateran Palace, and the Roman and Italian territories. Besides, Rome was the capital of the great Roman Empire and the seat of the Apostles. So, the idea was that these Bishops of Rome, the representatives of Christ, should inherit Rome and its seat. In the beginning, the Bishop of Rome at the time of Constantine was not a very powerful public figure. Nevertheless, he benefited from his closeness with Constantine who had been in Rome to quietly and gradually assert authority as the head of the Emperor’s religion. (Williams, 522) The rise of the predominance of the Bishops of Rome ‘owning Rome and Christianity’ was subsequently supported by different rulers like Theodosius the Great who instituted a law that stated that any nation seeking the protection of the Pope in Rome would have to become a Christian nation. (Williams, 523) Unfortunately, numerous upheavals in power in the territories surrounding Rome became evident when pagan nations moved into Britain; Arian Kings moved into the remaining West while the Lombards established their domination next door to Rome. They were not the only threat to the authority of the Pope of Rome. At the same time, the emperor of Constantinople had been an enemy of the Pope; the emperor had even tried to assassinate him. (Williams, 524) The only way for the Pope (Stephen II or III) to secure his power was to enlist the help of a powerful ruler with whom he could forge an alliance. This ruler was the Frankish king Pepin III, nicknamed â€Å"Le Bref,† French for â€Å"the Short. † Pepin the Short became an ally against the Lombards who were dangerously threatening to take over all the Italian territory. In order to get the help from the Frankish king, Stephen traveled through the Alps all the way to Gaul where he anointed Pepin as well as his two sons Carloman and Charlemagne. Subsequently, Pepin and his two sons battled the Lombards, beat them, and took over their territory, formerly a Byzantine territory. In order to fulfill their alliance, Pepin gave this territory to Stephen in the Donation of Pepin, freeing Rome from Byzantine control. This conferred authority over these territories was the beginning of the papal states, dramatically increasing the political influence and religious power of the papacy. The papal power was confirmed and supported by Charlemagne. In 799, Pope Leo III had been mistreated by the Romans and sequestered. Charlemagne came to his aid and Leo crowned him emperor on December 25, 800 A. D. Charlemagne became the renewer of the Western Roman Empire and kept up his father’s relations with the Pope while becoming his protector. Charlemagne was a ruler always at war for most of his reign and conquered many lands like Saxonia, forcing the pagan population to embrace Roman Catholicism. (Ganhof, 220) (Becher, 19-81) Conclusion The ascension of Charlemagne to the throne originated from his father’s alliance with the papacy. Around 750 A. D. , the Donation of Constantine falsely validated the Pope’s authority on Rome and the Italian territory. This authority was confirmed and supported by Charlemagne whose loyalty to the Pope earned him the imperial seat of the Western Roman Empire. He was crowned in 800 A. D. by Pope Leo III. Works Cited Valla L. Discourse on the Forgery of the Alleged Donation of Constantine. Trans. by Christopher B. Coleman. Scanned Proofread by Jonathan Perry. New Haven: Yale University Press 1922. Hanover Historical Texts Project. 2001. Donatio Constantini. 750-800AD. The Medieval Sourcebook. The Fordham University of Medieval Studies. July 22, 2006: December 3, 2006. Williams SH. The Historian’s History of the World: A Comprehensive Narrative of the Rise and Development of the Roman Empire. History Association Publication, 1904. Ganshof, F. L. The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy: Studies in Carolingian History, trans. Janet Sondheimer, Ithaca, N. Y. : Cornell University Press, 1971. Becher, M. Charlemagne, trans. David S. Bachrach, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.

Gunboat Diplomacy :: Political Science

Theodore Roosevelt’s was a President who believed that the United States should be a strong country by military strength. He believed that that we had to a power in the world and a force in the world. Roosevelt wanted a two ocean navy. He wanted a navy that could come and go to the Pacific or the Atlantic Ocean. With the idea of wanting power in the both oceans he began plans for the construction of the Panama Canal. This is where the essence of the Gunboat Diplomacy comes in. Gunboat Diplomacy involves intimidation by threat or use of military force. He ended up taking Panama and then leaving the Congress to debate the situation out and while debating was building the canal. The invasion of Panama to depose Manuel Noriega was the root of Gunboat Diplomacy. Before the Panama Canal was constructed, the country of Panama was a province of Columbia. The Federal Government of the United States used the Monroe Doctrine to construct an imperial diplomacy, which initially staked out a sphere-of-influence that warned Old World powers not to attempt any further colonial adventures in the New World: the New World was to be dominated by the United States. The drive to build the canal as a short-cut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans came about largely from the interests of the United States Navy, which recognized that the strategic control of the continent would devolve on anyone who had control of a canal at the narrowest point in the land: and there was the geo-political aspect of control of the Pacific Ocean. The British Navy had already proven the necessity of controlling the ocean as a supply line for colonial expansion. The biggest obstacle to building the Panama Canal was the issue of who would control it. The next biggest obstacle was the fact that the area was covered with jungle, which was a breeding ground for diseases Western medicine had never encountered. When President Roosevelt got behind the Navy to push its interests, influenced by the British Naval tradition, and intending to launch an American Naval tradition to rival the British in colonial expansion, he immediately embraced the plan to build a canal through the Isthmus of Panama. The only problem was that it belonged to another country. The Isthmus of Panama was a backwater, an inconsequential country province with no pretensions of independence. The entire project for independence was a proto-type for the kind of covert CIA operations Americans would be famous for in the Third World later in the century.

Service Container C#

Service Container Presented by: Anton Cherkasov Service Providers  §Services are the basic building blocks of the . NET design-time architecture. They help to expose access to specific features from external objects.  §Designers and components can obtain other services through the use of service providers. A. NET service provider is represented by the System. IServiceProvider interface. The interface  provides a mechanism for retrieving a specific service object, given the type of object to retrieve.Here is the only member of this interface: object  GetService(Type  serviceType) This method, when overridden, will return an object that represents the specified service type. If the service provider cannot return an object of the specified type, then callers should expect the return value to be null. IServiceContainer Interface  §A service container allows for services to be added and removed to it. Therefore, external objects can have more control over what a service provid er exposes.A service container is actually a service provider. The interface that represents a service container is System. IServiceContainer, which is derived from IServiceProvider, as shown: public interface IServiceContainer : IServiceProvider IServiceContainer Interface Methods  §Here are the two methods of this interface: AddService: This method adds the specified service to the service container. This method has four overloads. void AddService(Type serviceType, object service); oid AddService(Type serviceType, ServiceCreatorCallback callback); void AddService(Type serviceType, object service, bool promote); void AddService(Type serviceType, ServiceCreatorCallback callback, bool promote); RemoveService: This method removes the specified service from the service container. This method has two overloads. void  RemoveService(Type  serviceType); void  RemoveService(Type  serviceType, bool  promote); ServiceContainer Class  §The . NET Framework comes with a class that is already derived from IServiceContainer to be used with the designer framework.This class is: System. ComponentModel. Design. ServiceContainer  §This class has two constructor overloads: the default constructor, and one that takes a parent service provider as a parameter. This class uses a Hashtable to store the available services. It stores both service instances and service callbacks into this table for retrieval. How does it work? Pros  §The combination of services, providers, and service containers form a simple design pattern that gives a lot of advantages. For example: creates weak binding between client components and the services they use; – creates a simple repository and service discovery mechanism that allows easily scale the application (or part thereof). – allows for lazy loading of services, there is a method AddService overload, creating services, when they ask for the first time; – is an alternative to static classes; – supports prog ramming, based on contracts; – applicable to implement the service-factory; – suitable to create an architecture that supports plug-ins. Questions?

Square proposal

Rusk's Tasting Subject: Proposal to write a research paper on the impact of business communication problems of the employer's and the employees of Square Pharmacy along with a unique vision, higher mission and a goal orientation of that company Introduction The pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh is the most developed technical regions within our financial system. This industry manufactures almost firebrands of medicines and they follow different forms for different medicines. This sector is providing 97% of the total medicine requisite of the local market.With the aim to expand into the export market, leading pharmaceutical companies are escalating their business. Square Pharmaceuticals Limited, the flagship company of Square Group, is holding the strong leadership position in the pharmaceutical industry of Bangladesh since 1985 and is now on its way to becoming a high performance global player. It is a trusted name in the industry of manufacturing quality medicines for more than four decade. SQUARE today symbolizes a name – a state of mind. It has today burgeoned into one of the top line conglomerates in Bangladesh.Certain reports suggests that Square is the FIRST to manufacture and market Modernization, Inclining and Catecholamine after the expiry of patents to export antibiotics and other ethical drugs overseas. O develop sustained release technology locally. To achieve an all-time industry high record sales turnover of US$ 25 million. To locally Decisional sodium in the chemical division. In addition to these Firsts, SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Limited (SSP) was always ahead in introducing new products in the market.Their sales turnover was more than Take 1 1. 46 Billion (IIS$ 163. 71 million) with about 16. 43% market share (April 2009- March 2010) having a growth rate of about 16. 72%. The major problem they are facing is communication problem between employees and employers within Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. This problem has aroused because of not m aintaining a formal relationship between the employer and the employees. A well-managed business organization normally considers the employees as the vital foundation of efficiency gains.As it is a large organization so most of the times it has been seen that the top level employer gives orders to the lower level employees but they do not do their work and as they maintain a friendly relationship those top level managers cannot take adequate steps against them. Maintaining a friendly relationship within an organization is not a bad thing but sometimes the top level employers should behave in a formal way in order to make the employees work alongside the rules and obligations of the company's respected managers and employers.If this problem can be solved then they will give their best performance to enhance the organization. So basically we want to specialize in the communication problems regarding the employers and employees internally. Effective communication occurs only if the rec eiver understands the exact information or idea that the sender intended to transmit. Many of the problems that occur in an organization are the direct result of people failing to communicate. Therefore, we want to figure out the main problem in maintaining the formal relationship of this company's employers and employees within the organization.We want to do an in-depth analysis in order to figure out the communication problems and to find out their rational solutions. Every organization has a unique vision, a higher mission and a goal oriented with that company. We want to know the vision, mission and goals of this pharmaceutical. 2 Research Questions Does Square Pharmaceuticals have a business communication problem? If yes, then what type of business communication problems do they have? What are the reasons behind these communication problems? What are the impacts on that organization because of those communication problems?How can these problems be solved? What are the actions t hey are taking in order to solve those problems? Is there any possibility to ever solve those communication problems? If the problem be solved, what types of benefit will the organization get? Hypothesis The following hypotheses are developed for the study:HA : Technological changes may dad to communication problems. H2O: SAP software maybe more difficult to use than unfriendly to technological changes leading to communication problems. HA: The grapevine may break the hierarchy of information flow.HA: There maybe communication problems regarding changes in compensation and benefited structure. HA: There maybe communication problems regarding performance appraisal strategies. HA: Cultural differences may also cause difficulties in non-verbal communications, causing mixed messages. HA: Leaked confidential information creates a liability issue and may causes communication problem. HA: Communication problems may occurs due to employees who fail to listen or who don't know how to activel y listen to their colleagues.HI O: Negative and indifference attitudes amongst the employers and employees creates communication problems. 3 Research Methodology For our primary data we will survey on the employer and the employees of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Through a questionnaire to find out their perception regarding this business communication problem and how it can be solved. Also we will interview one of the employers of that organization to know his/her opinion about hose problems and what actions should be taken in order to solve these matters.The secondary data of this report are collected from Square Pharmaceuticals and some other reports such as some well reputed newspapers articles; Daily Star, Dacha Tribune, then Journals and through browsing the internet. Organization Our research paper will follow the general format of a research paper with the main sections such as Introduction, Literature review, Methodology, Limitations, Data Analysis, Findings/Results of the r esearch, Discussion and Conclusion, References.Hence, the organization of this paper will be directed by the research questions which would be answered in the above mentioned main sections. Timetable We intend to follow the subsequent time schedule presented in the class in order to accomplish our research paper timely: June 24 : Final draft of the research proposal August 12: Submission of the research paper Request for Approval the valuable suggestions and instructions from you that will lead us towards our research about the silent killer: business communication problems of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 4

Lou Gehrig Essays - New York Yankees Players, Lou Gehrig

Lou Gehrig Essays - New York Yankees Players, Lou Gehrig Lou Gehrig Lou Gehrig was born and raised in New York City, the son of German immigrant parents. His full name was Henry Louis Gehrig. After graduating from high school, he attended Columbia University where he became a football and baseball star. Lou's father directed him to becoming a pro baseball player. He became sick and needed on operation, but there was no money for doctors and hospital expenses in the family budget, so young Lou quickly capitalized on his baseball skills. He accepted an offer from a scout to sign a contract with the New York Yankees, for $ 1,500 in cash as a bonus. Lou dropped out of college to play in the minor leagues and gain some experience until the Yankees needed him. Gehrig was 22 when he became a big league rookie. He sat on the bench until one day in June in the 1925 season when he finally broke into the Yankees' line up as a first baseman. It happened because the team's veteran first baseman couldn't play because of a sever headache. He stayed first baseman for fourteen seasons, five thousand eighty-two playing days, he played a total of two thousand, one hundred and thirty major league games. It was a record that will never be broken or even equaled. To create that unbelievable endurance, feat, strong and powerful Lou Gehrig nicknamed "The Iron Horse," played in every one of the two thousand, one hundred and thirty consecutive games, even though he was beaned three times, had fingers broken ten times, suffered fractured toes, torn muscles, a wrenched shoulder, a back injury, chipped elbows, and the pain of several lumbago attacks. Yet, in every contest of that incredibly long playing period he played with all the enthusiasm of a kid breaking into the big leagues. During that streak of 2,130 consecutive games "The Iron Horse" performed other astonishing feats. He became the first in the 20th century to hit four consecutive home runs in a nine-inning game. Only he in major-league history hit 23 grand slam home runs for 13 years in a row he drove in one hundred runs, topping 150 RBI's seven times and setting the American League record of 184 runs batted-in during the 1931 season for twelve seasons in a row he hit more than .300, and he made 1,991 runs, scored 1,888 runs, and walked 1,510 times. He won the coveted "Triple Crown" of the majors, the Most Valuable Player award, made 2,721 safe hits for a life time batting average of .340. His magnificent playing helped the Yankees win seven pennants and six World Series championships. Though he had begun in the big leagues as a clumsy, poor-fielding first baseman, "Larruping Lou," as he also came to be known, over came his faults through perseverance, patience, tireless practice and hard work, and blossomed out into a smooth and skillful a first baseman as ever lived. More than all this, though he never was flamboyant nor spectacular, and never sought the headlines, clean-living Gehrig of exemplary habits became an idolized and inspirational hero to many boys throughout America. Ironically, "The Iron Horse," the strongest and most durable big-league player of his time, became a victim of cruel fate. When Gehrig was 36 and still in his prime, he was felled by a mysterious disease that robbed him of his strength, power, and coordination. Puzzled doctors diagnosed this illness as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a form of paralysis affecting the spinal cord. It is now referred to as "Gehrig's disease." On a May afternoon in that 1939 season he benched him self as the Yankees first baseman because he could no longer help his team. He wept when it happened and never played again. On a July 4th afternoon of that memorable season more than 75,000 loyal fans flocked into the vast Yankees' ball park to pay homage to Gehrig and bid him farewell. Although the fabled "Iron Horse" knew that he was dying, he stood at home plate and told the huge hushed throng: "Fans they tell me I've been given a bad break. But I've got wonderful parents, a wife who loves me, and I've played baseball with the greatest teammate a ball player could ever

Elision in English Language and Phonetics

Elision in English Language and Phonetics In phonetics and phonology, elision is the omission of a sound (a phoneme) in speech. Elision is common in casual conversation. More specifically, elision may refer to the omission of an unstressed vowel, consonant, or syllable. This omission is often indicated in print by an apostrophe. Verb: elide. Etymology is from the Latin, to strike out. Examples and Observations Elision of sounds can . . . be seen clearly in contracted forms like isnt (is not), Ill (I shall/will), whos (who is/has), theyd (they had, they should, or they would), havent (have not) and so on. We see from these examples that vowels or/and consonants can be elided. In the case of contractions or words like library (pronounced in rapid speech as /laibri/), the whole syllable is elided. (Tej R Kansakar, A Course in English Phonetics. Orient Blackswan, 1998) The Nature of Reduced ArticulationIt is easy to find examples of elision, but very difficult to state rules that govern which sounds may be elided and which may not. Elision of vowels in English usually happens when a short, unstressed vowel occurs between voiceless consonants, e.g. in the first syllable of perhaps, potato, the second syllable of bicycle, or the third syllable of philosophy...It is very important to note that sounds do not simply disappear like a light being switched off. A transcription such as /Ã ¦ks/ for acts implies that the /t/ phoneme has dropped out altogether, but detailed examination of speech shows that such effects are more gradual: in slow speech the /t/ may be fully pronounced, with an audible transition from the preceding /k/ and to the following /s/, while in a more rapid style it may be articulated but not given any audible realisation, and in very rapid speech it may be observable, if at all, only as a rather early movement of the tongue blade towar d the /s/ position. (Daniel Jones, English Pronouncing Dictionary, 17th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2006 From Iced Tea to Ice TeaAn elision is the omission of a sound for phonological reasons ..: cause (also spelled cos, cos, coz) from because; focsle from forecastle; or ice tea from iced tea (in which -ed is pronounced /t/ but omitted because of the immediately following /t/). (John Algeo, Vocabulary, in The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume IV, ed. by Suzanne Romaine. Cambridge University Press, 1999) From Iced Cream to Ice Cream[Ice cream] is an extremely common term and no one these days, I believe, would be tempted to describe the confection as iced cream - and yet this was its original description. . . . With time, however, the -ed ending eroded. In pronunciation, it would have been swallowed very early and eventually, this was reflected in the way it was written. (Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011) WannaIn North and South, Mr. [John] Jakes is careful to keep his elisions within quotation marks: Im sure, Capn, says a farmer in his novel, and a stevedore calls a young soldier a sojer boy....Stephen Crane, in his Maggie, a Girl of the Streets, in 1896 pioneered wanna in literature with I didn wanna give im no stuff. The spelling is designed to recreate the way the spoken word pounds, shapes and knocks about the original words. (William Safire, The Elision Fields. The New York Times Magazine, August 13, 1989)

Graduate Nurse Capabilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Graduate Nurse Capabilities - Essay Example I also complied with the different standards under the local OH & S policies in relation to emergency situations and incident reporting. In order to achieve this, I constantly updated myself about these policies and I reviewed said policies as I immersed myself in the nursing process. I also found out that based on the Buddy report, I would benefit from research on endoscopic procedures and diseases. I am eager to explore said areas of research. As an independent nurse, I was able to carry out independent nursing interventions by facilitating a physical, psycho-social, cultural and spiritual environment that was, in turn, able to secure the safety and security of assigned patients. I was able to work constructively with the other members of the health team. Based on the Buddy report, I was also able to communicate well with said members in the delivery of healthcare. Mastering different skills and capabilities like delegating, teaching, learning, and coordinating are just some of the skills which ensure a smooth transition for the graduate nurse into the nursing practice. Delegating is all about assigning the right people to the job; teaching focuses on health education of patients; learning is about continuing nursing education, and coordinating is about collaborating with other nurses and health professionals. I was able to advance my skills in these areas and I was able to learn other skills which are ultimately bound to assist in improving nursing practice and in gaining better patient outcomes.

LAW (LEGAL TECHNIQUE AND REASONING) SKILLS AUDIT Personal Statement

LAW (LEGAL TECHNIQUE AND REASONING) SKILLS AUDIT - Personal Statement Example However, I fully understand that the process of becoming a barrister is not all that smooth; it calls for at least four years at the college and three more years at the law school prior to being allowed to sit for a test that dictates whether one is given a go ahead to practice law; and at times this might still not be enough. By studying law, this can be an open door to a broad range of law-related jobs and in diverse fields such as government, higher education, business, communications, aviation and many more fields. The practice and study of law is capable of being intellectually stimulating since the legal profession calls for communication, analytical and reasoning skills on a daily basis. The opportunity of defending the fundamental human rights, setting a legal precedent and implementing social change attracts quite a big number of individuals (me included) dedicated to impact positively on the lives of those persons that they serve. My first year in the college studying a bachelor's degree in LLB law has been very interesting and impacting in terms of shaping my dream. I have already identified that my attendance to all tutorials is excellent, am good in to Tort law, Law library and electronic databases but Contract law is a challenge that am struggling with. Amongst the challenges that I anticipate as I pursue my dream course in law includes the fact that in my family

What would be the risk to society if doctors were to participate in Research Paper

What would be the risk to society if doctors were to participate in physician-assisted suicide - Research Paper Example ss negligence on their part or even a sinful act which shall deter the basis of growth and harmony across the ranks within the society (Donnelly, 1998). The doctors have to be answerable to the society for all their acts and if they commit their own selves within such domains, then there would be no one to find out the true sanctity that is related with this profession. The physician-assisted suicide is essentially an act that must be abhorred from the outset of such discussions as it disqualifies as a morally acceptable act at any cost (Gorsuch, 2006). This is much needed because it sets the basis of finding out where anomalies happen and how these could be avoided so that the essence of a true civilized society remains in tact no matter how difficult the times might become. The doctors must comprehend that their duty is much more than just healing. They have to be accountable to their conscience as

Social work theory

Social work theory Title: ‘Framework for practice, exploring social work theory.’ The case throws up several interconnected issues. The essay will examine these through the lens of two different theories, on one hand the ecological theory of human development by Bronfenbrenner (1979), and on the other hand, the social model of disability as it has been proposed by social work theorists over the last three decades (Oliver 1996). The case demands a decision to be made and theories at best have a contributory role to play in the decision making process (Banks 2006: 27). A brief list of the issues involved in the case should heighten the awareness for the complexity of the case. First, there is the question about the levels of parental competence and capacity for effective parenting given that both parents suffer from learning disabilities. Second, social workers need to evaluate the chances that Stan and Cassie will be able to provide a stable parental environment that has significant advantages over that provided by Cassie’s parents Marian and Bill. There are further issues surrounding the rights of parents and the rights of the child which may be perceived as mutually exclusive. Additionally, social workers will have to assess the impact of changes in location and in providing a generally supportive and protective environment which a relocation of the child to her natural parents may precipitate. Bronfenbrenner was concerned to construct a theory of human development that recognised the dynamic interconnectedness of environmental and biological factors. He envisaged this theory to ‘lie at the point of convergence among the disciplines of the biological, psychological. and social sciences’ (Bronfenbrenner 1979:13). In a later article he elaborated his notion of the role of external environments and called for a new focus of psychological research in human development. His theory, so he argued, was uniquely suited to map out the various factors that influence child development as they were encapsulated in the institution of the family (Bronfenbrenner 1986). Bronfenbrenner suggests that there are three dimensions which represent the units of psychological inquiry. There is, firstly, what he calls the immediate environment of human engagements (mesosystems) in which the child as well as the parents ‘actively participate’ (Bronfenbrenner 1979: 25). It comprises the entire range of activities, roles and interpersonal relations that are ‘experienced by the developing person’ (Bronfenbrenner 1979: 22) and the interconnections amongst several of these patterned behavioural structures. Bronfenbrenner proposed that mesosystems are only the intermediate structures that connect the individual to the next highest level of environmental contexts. He calls this the exosystem which characteristically does ‘not involve the developing person as an active participant, but in which events occur that affect†¦ what happens’( Bronfenbrenner 1979: 25) in the mesosystem. Yet, how does this contribute to a more grounded and fairer decision in the given case? Bronfenbrenner’s main thesis, implicit in the model of ecological development, is that external events do have a direct impact on child development even if they seem to be initially non-quantifiable to an outside observer and within static models. Meso- exo- and chrono-systems influence the family context, of which the chronological and exogenous dimensions are most relevant in the given context of this case. In a detailed article in which he defends his ecological model of human development and supports it with research evidence, he singles out several aspects of family existence which determine directly and noticeably child development (Bronfenbrenner 1986). Amongst others he dwells on employment (maternal and paternal), schooling, community involvement and parental networks of assistance as well as peer group involvement and pressure for the child. We may usefully add case worker-parent relationships as well as the wider policy context in which social workers operate in assessing child care cases (Calder 2003). Bronfenbrenner analyses research evidence within his theoretical framework and against the background of social work objectives such as educational and occupational achievement of children (in later life) as well as stability of living environments (Bronfenbrenner 1986: 726). Within the UK context that is framed by the DDA and the Code of Practice one would have to add the respect for individual human beings, justice and individual rights to lead a fulfilled life, self-determination, as well as the eradication of discrimination on grounds of ethnic differences or disability which has been part of the policy agenda of New Labour (Garrett 2003; Banks 2006). Bronfenbrenner’s model now allows a social worker to theorise the following aspects in the adjudication of opposing claims to raise Rebecca. First, they may assess the chances that Cassie or Stan find/remain in employment which evidently has a positive impact on child development (Parsons 1982). Second they may take into account the resources of support that are available to Stan and Cassie within their own family as well as the wider community (Hall 1997, Bronfenbrenner 1986). Thirdly, they would like to assess the relevance of being raised by their biological parents or by the grandparents. And social workers may look at the wider family context in which crucial activities such as schooling and after school care provision may be provided when Rebecca lives either with Stan and Cassie or her grandparents. Additionally, they may consider that parents often provide role models for children and that this may positively influence the child’s self-esteem and confidence in s ocial settings (Parsons 1982). Furthermore, Bronfenbrenner’s theory allows social workers to conceptualise singular events as having a long term impact on child development. The ecological theory of human development urges assessors to consider the influence that disruptions to the normal life of a child, such as the relocation to Rebecca’s natural parents may have on her chances to future educational achievement (cf. also Olsen 2003). Bronfenbrenner subsumes these factors under the chrono-system which conceptualises sudden alterations in the child’s environment in its long term effects (Bronfenbrenner 1986). Bronfenbrenner argues that child development needs to be understood in a ‘life course perspective’ in which sequences of developmental transitions can have cumulative effects (Bronfenbrenner 1979). Like all guiding theories of psychological development that are supposed to assist in decision making, however, Bronfenbrenner’s model fails to provide a ranking of values which could help determine the eventual outcome of decisions in the long run. He points in his work to convincing evidence that parental employment is a significant factor in normal child development, as well as the importance of social networks on which parents can rely for support in raising the child (Bronfenbrenner 1986). What his model cannot do is to contrast meaningfully these indisputably desirable factors of child development with the equally valuable wider goals of public policy such as reinstating parental rights to people with disabilities. The social model of disability represented a major landmark in changing the theoretical assumptions that informed public attitudes to disabilities (Oliver 1992; Hedlund 2000). Articulated by social scientists such as Finckelstein in the 1970s, the social model was proposed in contradistinction to the medical model of disability which located the origin of disability in a lack of conformity to normal functioning (Oliver 1992). Theorists who challenged this model prevalent in disability theory and practice argued that there are two dimensions to disability. On one side there is a physical impairment, while on the other hand society is structured and organised in such a way as to disallow disabled people to carry out certain functions which they are certainly capable of (Oliver 1992; Olsen 2003; Morris 1993). The social model thus places the onus of change on society which hitherto has prevented people from functioning to their full abilities. The critical edge of the social model is apparent (Hughes 1997). Disabled people certainly have the capacity to being a parent if society removes the obstacles to effective parenting that is has erected over centuries and provides the support to disabled parents that they are entitled to. Parental competence is something that should be assumed on the side of disabled parents rather than working on the presumption that a physical impairment renders disabled people incapable to exercising certain functions in society. This model thus shifts the burden of proof to society and therefore stipulates that fundamental rights of individuals, such as having the chance of being a parent, can only be infringed if it can be shown that significant harm comes to the child through neglect, injury or considerably diminishing of the opportunities for the child. Once again, this must be judged not against the capacities of disabled parents to raise a child under circumstances of prevalent discrimination against them by society but under conditions of equality with able bodied persons (Morris 1993). In this framework the tables are turned. Arguments in favour of Rebecca being raised by her grandparents must show a significant violation of her rights to have a fulfilled life when living with her biological parents or the chance that effective parenting is not possible in a household that comprises a father and mother both suffering from learning disabilities. Although the child’s welfare is paramount this principle cannot be assumed to contradict and ultimately to override the right to raise your own children simply because society may not provide an environment free from discrimination against disabled people which may impinge on the abilities of the Stan and Cassie to provide a stable and caring family setting. There exists a comprehensive assessment framework for child welfare cases like this and one of the first principles is that the natural family is the best place in which children develop and grow up (Calder 2003). Doubts about the parenting competence and capacity of Stan and Cassie thus heavily draw on the medical model of disability which, within the policy context of the UK, has been rejected as a valid framework for assessments of disability care. Both theories have advantages and disadvantages for the assessment process in the given case. Bronfenbrenner’s model allows case managers to take into account events that may considerably disrupt Rebecca’s life and, in the long run, impinge on her abilities to perform well in educational and vocational settings. In contrast, the social model of disability raises awareness for the basic principles of equity and fairness in making decisions in a social care context. It urges social workers to understand the particular situation of Stan and Cassie as determined to a large extent by society. Lack of resources and support in raising Rebecca would therefore have to be tackled by the social welfare system in contribution to placing both parents in a profoundly unjust situation in the first place. While Bronfenbrenner’s theory may incline social workers more towards deciding in favour of Rebecca’s grandparents, the social model of disability reiterates strongly the need of the social welfare system to remove all obstacles to disabled parenting so that Stan and Cassie can raise their own child. References Banks, S. (2006). Ethics and Values in Social Work. Third Edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the Family as a Context for Human Development: Research Perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22, 6, 723-742 _______________ (1979). The Ecology of Human Development. Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press Garrett, P. M. (2003). Swimming with Dolphins: The Assessment Framework, New Labour and New Tools for Social Work with Children and Families. British Journal of Social Work, 33, 441-463 Hall, S. K. e.a. (1997). Caseworkers’ Perceptions of Protective Services Clients’ Parental Functioning: Toward an Ecological Integration. Children and Youth Services Review, 19, 3, 179-194 Hedlund, M. (2000). Disability as a Phenomenon: a discourse of social and biological understanding. Disability and Society, 15, 5, 765-780 Hughes, B. and Paterson, K. (1997). The Social Model of Disability and the Disappearing Body: towards a sociology of impairment. Disability and Society, 12, 3, 325-340 Morris, J. (1993). Independent Lives? Community Care and Disabled People. Basingstoke: McMillan Oliver, M. (1996). Understanding Disability. From Theory to Practice. Basingstoke: MacMillan Olsen, R. and Harriet Clarke (2003). Parenting and Disability. Disabled parents’ experiences of raising children. Bristol: The Policy Press Parsons, J. E., Terry F. Adler and Caroline M. Kczala (1982). Socialisation of Achievement Attitudes and Beliefs: Parental Influences. Child Development, 53, 310-321

Paul L. Dunbar :: essays research papers

Paul Laurence Dunbar Paul Laurence Dunbar was born June 27, 1872 in Dayton, OH. His mother Matilda, was a former slave and his father Joshua had escaped slavery and served in the 55th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment and the 5th Massachusetts Colored Calvary Regiment during the Civil war (online). Joshua and Matilda separated in 1874. Dunbar came from a poor family. After his father left, his mother supported the family by working as a washerwoman. One of the families she worked for was the family of Orville and Wilbur Wright. Paul attended Dayton’s Central High School with the two. When Matilda was a slave she heard a lot of poems by the families she worked for. She loved poetry and encouraged her children to read poetry as well. Dunbar began writing and reciting poetry as early as age six. Paul was one of the most popular poets of his time and was the first black American writer to achieve national and international reputation. He was not only a poet, but also a novelist, short story writer, writer of articles and dramatic sketches, plays and lyrics for musical compositions. His first volume of poetry, "Oak and Ivy" was published in 1893. Many of his poems and stories were written in Afro-American dialect, of which he was initially most noted for (Martin and Hudson 16). His second volume, "Majors and Minors" was published in 1895. "Majors and Minor" were a collection of poems that was written in standard English ("major") and in dialect ("minor") (Young 373). It was this book that fixed him on his literary path. This book attracted favorable notice by novelist and critic, William Dean Howells who also introduced Dunbar’s next book, "Lyrics of Lowly Life" which contained some of the finest verses of the first two volumes. Dunbar was a popular writer of short fiction. He relied upon tone, subtle details expressed through speech, atmosphere, assumed manners and morals, and mood rather than plot to tell his tale. His depiction of life on plantations gives a vivid account of the fate of black men before and after the emancipation. Interestingly enough, Dunbar did write about whites in society also. He did not write about them at the bottom of society, but sarcastically wrote of them in the upper class of society as detailed in his story " The End of the Chapter". Unlike a few writers at that time, Dunbar did not only write about black people struggling to survive, but black people flourishing.

Morality and Ethics Essay

Morality and ethics are terms often used as if they have the same meaning. At other times, they are used as if they have no relationship to one another. I think most people realize ethics and morality have something to do with the concepts of good and bad. However, English is not like French, which has the Academic Fantasies acting as its linguistic jury – establishing what proper French is. English changes at the impulse of the crowded. One can bomb, and that’s bad, but if one is the bomb, and that’s good. The word â€Å"morality† has been co-opted by groups, such as the Moral Majority, making us think morality only deals with acts these religious groups think aren’t proper, or are therefore immoral. The meanings of the terms â€Å"ethics† and â€Å"morality† can be differentiated based on their origins in ancient Greek and Latin, respectively. As a result, words that come into the English language from the Greeks often have meanings that are primarily philosophical study, while the Latin-derived words imply â€Å"doing the thing. † Ethics comes from the Greek word ethos – moral character or custom. Morality comes from the Latin word moralist – custom or manner. The words both deal with the customs or the manner in which people do things. Their modern meanings relate to the way people act – either good or bad. Morality, strictly speaking, is used to refer to what we would call moral conduct or standards. Morality is looking at how good or bad our conduct is, and our standards about conduct. Ethics is used to refer to the formal study of those standards or conduct. Sometimes, one refers to the study of conduct as moral philosophy, but that is less common than just saying â€Å"ethics. † One might say that morality is ethics in action, but in the end, the two terms can be used interchangeably. The study of ethics or moral philosophy can be divided into three broad areas: descriptive, normative and analytical or met ethics. Ethics deals with such questions at all levels. Its subject consists of the fundamental issues of practical decision making, and its major concerns include the nature of ultimate value and the standards by which human actions can be judged right or wrong. The terms ethics and morality are closely related. We now often refer to ethical judgments or ethical principles where it once would have been more common to speak of moral judgments or moral principles. These applications are an extension of the meaning of ethics. Strictly speaking, however, the term refers not to morality itself but to the field of study, or branch of inquiry, that has morality as its subject matter. In this sense, ethics is equivalent to moral philosophy. Although ethics has always been viewed as a branch of philosophy, its all-embracing practical nature links it with many other areas of study, including anthropology, biology, economics, history, politics, sociology, and theology. Yet, ethics remains distinct from such disciplines because it is not a matter of factual knowledge in the way that the sciences and other branches of inquiry are. Rather, it has to do with determining the nature of normative theories and applying these sets of principles to practical moral problems. Virtually every human society has some form of myth to explain the origin of morality. In the Louvre in Paris there is a black Babylonian column with a relief showing the sun god Shamash presenting the code of laws to Hammurabi. The Old Testament account of God giving the Ten Commandments to Moses on Mt. Sinai might be considered another example. In Plato’s Protagoras there is an avowedly mythical account of how Zeus took pity on the wretched humans, who, living in small groups and with insufficient teeth, weak claws, and lack of speed, were no match for the other beasts. To make up for these deficiencies, Zeus gave humans a moral sense and the capacity for law and justice, so that they could live in larger communities and cooperate with one another. There is some difficulty, already known to Plato, with the view that morality was created by a divine power. In his dialogue Euthyphro, Plato considered the suggestion that it is divine approval that makes an action good. Plato pointed out that if this were the case, we could not say that the gods approve of the actions because the actions are good. Why then do the gods approve of these actions rather than others? Is their approval entirely capricious? Plato considered this impossible and so held that there must be some standards of right or wrong that are independent of the likes and dislikes of the gods. Modern philosophers have generally accepted Plato’s argument because the alternative implies that if the gods had happened to approve of torturing children and to disapprove of helping one’s neighbors, then torture would have been good and neighborliness bad. That morality should be invested with all the mystery and power of divine origin is not surprising. Nothing else could provide such strong reasons for accepting the moral law. By attributing a divine origin to morality, the priesthood became its interpreter and guardian, and thereby secured for itself a power that it would not readily abandon. This link between morality and religion has been so firmly forged that it is still sometimes asserted that there can be no morality without religion. According to this view, ethics ceases to be an independent field of study. It becomes, instead, moral theology.

Stylistic Functions of Grammar Categories and the Role of Transposition.

ransposition of lexico-grammatical classes of nouns. Stylistic function of articles, genitive case, plural number. Stylistic functions of different grammatical categories in different parts of speech. 1) Stylistic transposition of pronouns. 2) Adjectives, stylistic function of degrees of comparison. 3) Stylistic functions of verbal categories. 4) Stylistic functions of adverbs.Style is less investigated on the morphological level than on any other one because very many scholars hold the opinion that stylistic connotations appear only when the use of grammatical phenomenon departs from the normative usage and functions on the outskirts or beyond the system of Standard language. Nevertheless stylistic connotations don’t necessarily mean the violation of the normative speech patterns. They are based on different cases of transposition.Transposition is the usage of different parts of speech in unusual grammatical meaning which breaks the usual correlation within a grammatical cate gory and is used to express the speaker’s emotions and his attitude to the object of discussion. It is the shift from one grammatical class to another, controversy between the traditional and situational reference on the level of morphology. (I. V. A. ) 1. Transposition of lexico-grammatical class (LGC) of NOUNS: Transposition of nouns is based on the usage of nouns in unusual exico-grammatical class (LGC), thus causing a stylistic effect. According to their usual LGC they are subdivided into: Personal nouns (agents) (man, woman, children) Living beings (birds, cats, dogs) Collective nouns (mankind, peerage) Material nouns (water, stone) Abstract nouns (clarity, kindness), etc. Transposition from one LGC to another causes expressive, evaluative, emotive and functional connotations. Thus transposition of personal nouns denoting animals to those denoting people causes metaphorization and appearance of zoo morphemes: ass, bear, beast and bitch.Pig, donkey, monkey may have tender but ironical connotation, while swine, ass, ape acquire rude, negative coloring. Negative connotation is intensified by emphatic constructions: you impudent pup, you filthy swine†. I was not going to have all the old tabbies bossing her around just because she is not what they call â€Å"our class† (A. Wilson) Emotive and expressive connotations are achieved in transposition of abstract nouns into personal nouns (abstract nouns used in plural): â€Å"The chubby little eccentricity :: a chubby eccentric child. †Transposition of parts of speech (A>N): â€Å"Listen, my sweet (coll. )†, a man of intelligence, a flush of heat (bookish). Stylistic functions of the Genitive case, plural number and the articles The genitive case is considered to be a formal sign of personification alongside with the personal pronouns ‘he and she’ referred to inanimate objects. The genitive case is limited in its usage to the LGC of nouns denoting living beings: my fa ther’s room, George’s sister. When used with nouns of some other class the genitive case gets emotive coloring and an elevated ring: â€Å"England’s troubles.My country’s laws†. â€Å"^ The trees had eagerness in every turg, stretching their buds upward to the sun’s warmth; the blackbirds were in song† (J. Galsworthy) The suffix‘s’ may be also added to the phrase or to the whole sentence: She’s the boy I used to go with’s mother. He’s the niece, I told you about’s husband. A comic effect is achieved due to many factors: The suffix is added not to a stem but to a noun, followed by a subordinate clause. Logical incompatibility of the following words placed together: she’s the boy; he’s the niece; about’s husband.The use of^ Plural number in unusual collocations is also a source of expressiveness: One I’m – sorry – for –you is worth twenty I  œ told – you – so’s. The sentence has a jocular ring because a plural ending ’s’ is added to the whole sentence together with the numeral ‘twenty’. Abstract nouns used in plural become countable, concrete and acquire additional expressive connotation making the description more vivid and impressive: â€Å"Oh! Wilfred has emotions, hates, pities, wants; at least sometimes; when he does his stuff is jolly good.Otherwise he just makes a song about nothing – like the rest (J. Galsworthy) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ; â€Å"The peculiar look came into Bossiney’s face which marked all his enthusiasms†. Sometimes the forms of singular and plural of abstract nouns have different shades of the given abstract notion and are used for emphasis: â€Å"He had nerve but no nerves. † LGC of Material nouns as a rule have no plural but in descriptions of nature and landscapes they may be used in plural for the sake of expressiveness: The snows of Kilimanjaro, the sands of Africa, the waters of the Ocean.The same effect is achieved when PUs with nouns denoting weight and measure lose their concrete meaning and become synonyms to the pronouns much, many, a lot of, little, few: Tons of funs, loads of friends; a sea of troubles, a pound of pardons. Stylistic functions of articles The indefinite article before a proper name creates an additional evaluative connotation due to the clash of nominal and logical meanings (antonomasia):^ I don’t claim to be a Rembrandt. Have a Van Deyk? A century ago there may have been no Leibnitz, but there was a Gauss, a Faraday, and a Darwin (Winner).The indefinite article stresses a very high evaluation of the role of the scientists in the development of the world science. But very often the indefinite article before the name of ordinary people denotes negative characteristics of the persons under those names: â€Å"I will never marry a Malone or a Sykes† (Sh. Bronte) The de finite article before the surname may stress that the person is famous or notorious: â€Å"Yes, the Robinson. Don’t you know? The notorious Robinson. † (J. Conrade)The repetition of the article intensifies the expressiveness of the enumerated nouns: â€Å"The waiting – the hope – the disappointment – the fear – the misery – the poverty – the flight of his hopes – and the end to his career – the suicide, perhaps, of the shabby, slip-shod drunkard (Ch. Dickens). ^ Stylistic transposition of pronouns The personal pronoun is a formal sign of the 1st person narration. If used too often it denotes the speaker’s self-estimation, self-satisfaction and egoism: â€Å"And that’s where the real businessman comes in: where I come in. But I am cleverer than some.I don’t mind dropping a little money to start the process. I took your father’s measure, I saw that he had a sound idea; I saw†¦I kne w†¦I explained†¦ (B. Shaw) When I is substituted for the indefinite one or you in a generalizing function the contact of the speaker and listener is closer, making the words of the speaker sound modest and reserved: â€Å"You see, Chris, even in quite a small provincial town you could have a clinic, a little team of doctors, each doing his own stuff† (A. Cronin). â€Å"I am ancient but I don’t feel it. That’s one thing about painting, it keeps you young.Titian lived to ninety-nine and had to have plague to kill him off†. (J. Galswarthy) I may be substituted by nouns a man, a chap, a fellow, a girl. Thus the listener is included in the events and feelings portrayed. Archaic pronouns (Archaisms): thee (you), thou (your), thy (your), thine (yours) thyself (yourself) are used in poetry and create a high-flown atmosphere: Hail to thee, blithe spirit! Bird thou never wert (P. B. Shelly). Pronouns he, she, it may be formal indication of personification when used in reference to natural phenomena as the sun(he) and the earth(she) in T. Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles.When he or she are substituted for it living beings are reduced to the class of things, hence a humorous or an ironical effect and mostly negative evaluation being created. The same function is performed by pronouns what, this, that, anything and nouns beast, brute, creature: â€Å"Is there anything wrong with me, Mister Mate? It asked† (J. Conrad). ‘We’ may denote some group of people with whom the speaker connects himself: â€Å"Because he was a Forsyte; we never part with things you know, unless we want something in their place; and not always then. (J. Galsworthy) Proverbs: We never know the value of water till the well is dry.We soon believe what we desire. There exist the so-called Pluralis Majestatis ( – , ? ?. ?): â€Å"^ We, the king of Great Britain†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and Pluralis Modestiae ( ) or the authorâ€℠¢s â€Å"we†. In fiction Pluralis Modestiae brings associations with scientific prose and produces the impression of historic truth (authenticity). â€Å"We soon believe what we desire† (Pluralis Modestiae) The pronoun â€Å"they† denotes that the action is performed by a group of people where the speaker is not included, as if he is separated from them: â€Å"My poor girl, what have they been doing to you! †Demonstrative pronouns this and that single the objects out of the whole class and emotionally stress them: â€Å"George: Oh, don’t be innocent, Ruth. This house! This room! This hideous, God-awful room! † This and That may express anger and irritation, merriment and mockery especially in case of redundancy typical of familiar-colloquial style: â€Å"They had this headmaster, this very cute girl†. â€Å"By all means let us have a policy of free employment, increased production, no gap between exports and imports, social security, a balanced This and a planned That, but let us also have fountains, exquisite fountains, beautiful fountains†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (J. B.Priestley) Demonstrative pronouns are especially expressive when used with possessive ones in postposition and accompanied by epithets: that lovely ring of yours, that brother of mine, this idea of his, that wretched puppy of yours! Adjectives, stylistic function of degrees of comparison Adjectives possess a single grammatical category of comparison, meant to portray the degrees of intensity with the help of comparative and superlative degrees contributing to the expressive stylistic function: ‘a most valuable idea, the newest fashion of all, a foolish, foolish wife, my wife is a foolishness herself, Is she as foolish as that? . The usage of the comparative degree with other than qualitative adjectives makes them foregrounded due to their expressiveness: ‘â€Å"You cannot be deader than the dead† (E. Hemingway). Polysyllabic adjectives f orm degrees of comparison with more and most, but in case of the synthetic forms –er and –est the utterance sounds expressive and stylistically relevant: ‘Curiouser and curiouser! Cried Alice (she was so much surprised that for the moment she quite forgot how to speak good English’ (L. Carrol).This device is used in the language of advertising thus breaking the valency of the incompatible elements joined together: â€Å"the orangemostest drink in the world†. There are several structural combinations with adjectives that are very expressive: A duck of a boy. A devil of a fellow. Good and strong. Nice and warm. Most happy. Much of a lad. More of a realist; very happy; most happy; the greatest pleasure. ^ Stylistic functions of verbal categories Stylistic potentialities of verbs are not enough investigated. Transposition is one of the main sources of expressiveness. Transposition from the past to the present is stylistically relevant.It brings the even ts which happened in the past closer to the reader. Description becomes more vivid and lively. This kind of transposition is called Historical (dramatic) present. Historical present instead of the past: â€Å"^ And then on the night of the banquet she appears in her emeralds, and throughout the evening Max pays attention to no one else†. (M. Mitchel) (to make the narrative more vivid and dramatic). â€Å"Looking back, as I was saying into the back of my infancy, the first objects I can remember as standing out by themselves from a confusion of things, are my mother and Pegotty, what else do I remember?Let me see†¦ There comes out of the cloud, our house – not new to me, but quite familiar, in its earliest remembrance. On the ground floor is Pegotty’s kitchen, opening into a back yard†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ch. Dickens) Transposition of the future to the present to stress its potential possibility: â€Å"But mark my words! The first woman, who fishes for him, hook s him! † Transposition of the Imperative mood to the Indicative mood: â€Å"I can’t stand it! Don’t tempt me! You are coming home with me now† (Dr. ) – (in emotional speech of characters)Transposition of tenses in speech characterization in colloquial speech: â€Å"I says, he, she ain’t; You done me a hill turn†. ^ Archaic verbal forms are stylistically marked: dost, knowest, doth, liveth – to create the atmosphere of antiquity in historical novels and in poetry. Transposition from future into present tenses:’ It’s a mercy that he did not bring us over a black daughter-in-law, my dear. But mark my words, the first woman who fishes for him, hooks him. (Future action seems potentially performed). Indefinite >Continuous: â€Å"suddenly their heads cast shadows forward. A car behind them is coming up the hill.Its lights dilate and sway around them† (J. Updyke). Past event are described as if going on before the eyes of the reader who becomes a participant of the events. Indicative Imperative: â€Å"^ I can’t stand it! Don’t tempt me! You’re coming home with me now†! (Dreiser). – (in emotional speech of characters) Transposition of auxiliaries may be not only expressive but also functional – stylistic. Thus, in speech characterization of heroes there appear the forms of colloquial speech: ^ I, he, and we ain’t, I says, we has (was, is). You done me a hill turn. Time ‘as changed.Archaic verbal forms: -st, dost, -th, doth (knowest, knoweth, liveth) create the atmosphere of the past centuries and a highly elevated coloring. ^ Modal verbs used in pseudo–clauses acquire expressiveness and indignation mixed with nervousness: ‘That he should be so careless! ’ ‘Not that they should give a warning’. Grammatical forms (modal verbs) may acquire expressiveness when repeated several times: ^ And Death shall have no d ominion Dead men naked, they shall be one With man in the wind and the west moon; When their bones are picked clean and the clean bones gone, They shall have stars at elbow and foot;Though they go mad they shall be sane, Though they sink through the sea they shall rise again; Though lovers be lost love shall not, And death shall have no dominion (D. Thomas). The idea of the union of man and nature is intensified in the constant and insistent repetition of shall indicating in this context not only modality but promise and solemn prophecy. It makes the poem very expressive and emotional, pointing out persistent necessity and affirmation. Adverbs are not enough investigated. Their stylistic relevance in the scientific texts is based on their usage as logical connectives.Logical sequence of utterances is achieved with the help of an adverb now in the scientific style. â€Å"Now there is no normal process except death which completely clears the brains from all past impressions; and aft er death it is impossible to set it going again†. (N. Viner) ^ Now- right away – (in colloquial speech): She also senses this terrific empathy from him right away. N+wise=ADV: budgetwise, trade unionwise: â€Å"I am better off living in Connecticut, but transportationwise and entertainmentwise I am a loser. † In fiction verbs are used to create the temporal plane of narration.In E. Hemingway’s novel â€Å"For Whom the Bell Tolls† the adverb ‘now’ serves a metronome of dramatic actions before and after the explosion of the bridge. Now, ever, never, forever are the key-words in E. Hemingway’s prose presenting the shift of the past, present and future. Temporal plane of narration is created with the help of intensifiers: now, never, forever, again: â€Å"Just as the earth can never die, neither will those who have ever been free, return to slavery. There is forever for them to remember them in†. (E. Hemingway) – The st ylistic function of intensification.